REASONING
COURSE SYNOPSIS
INSTRUCTOR: Dan Petersen COURSE ALPHA: PHIL 209 CLASS: MWF / 0100-0150 / EKH-110 OFFICE HR: F / 08:00-09:00 OFFICE: UH Hilo Bldg. 345F-A1 PHONE: Wk. 974-7743 URL: UH HILO URL: HawCC http://www.uhh/faculty/danielpe/index.php http://www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/danp E-MAIL: danielpe@hawaii.edu
Prequsite:
NoneText:
Essentials of Logic, by Irving CopiISBN #: 0-13-23-8034-X
Course Description:
This course involves developing the methods and techniques of analysis necessary for understanding quantitative/logical reasoning and the techniques, methods, principles and concepts involved in their application. Classical and Modern reasoning will be examined with emphasis placed on the relationships between empirical truth and logical validity, explanation and the truth of hypotheses, adequacy, plausibility, as well as deductive and inductive reasoning, common informal fallacies, symbolic logic, symbolic translation, proving invalidity, truth value, truth tables, formal proofs of validity and the criteria of reasonable evidence.
Course Purpose
:Logic is an important element in the development of individual reasoning potential, enabling us to become better, freer and more decisive persons. This course is based on the sound realization that unless and until we learn to think critically, for ourselves, the more likely it will be that someone else will think emotionally for us, usually with the intention of manipulating us to suit their own ends. From this point of view, logic can be seen as a defensive tool, empowering each of us to defend ourselves against the onslaught of powerful, emotionally persuasive appeals, that impact our minds on a daily basis
Student learning Outcomes, Students will:
- Demonstrate an understanding of the beauty and power of symbolic systems, as well as their clarity and precision, through use of techniques of logical analysis, with the intention of enhancing the student's reasoning skills and appreciation of abstraction, pattern recognition, and formal systems of analysis.
- Demonstrate an understanding of the concept of a logical proof as a chain of inferences by producing symbolic chains of inferences of their own in order to solve problems.
- Demonstrate skill, be able to explain, and engage in and hypothetical reasoning, and gain experience in the presentation, analysis, justification and critical evaluation of evidence.
- Demonstrate an ability to apply symbolic techniques and formal rules in the context of problem solving by applying symbolic analysis techniques (translating, formal proof techniques, truth tables, argument recognition) both to informal fallacies and formal reasoning.
Method of Instruction:
Lectures, demonstrations, readings and interactive class discussions.
Course Content
:I. A one week period covering key terminology/concepts.
a. Argument recognition and other persuasive appeals.
b. Argument analysis, structure, premises conclusions.
c. Validity, Invalidity and Soundness.
d. Definition, Connotative, Denotative, Stipulative, Lexical.
e. Classification, genus/species, part/whole.
II. A four week period, on Classical Reasoning.
a. Propositions, syllogisms, enthymemes.
b. Standard Form, Square of Opposition, Existential Import.
c. Distribution.
d. Immediate Inference, Conversion, Obversion, Contraposition.
e. Validity, rules of validity.
III. A two week period on Inductive reasoning.
a. Explanation, adequacy, plausibility, the truth of hypotheses.
IV. A two-week period, covering Informal Fallacies.
a. Twenty to thirty of the most common informal fallacies.
b. Structural analysis.
c. Premises, conclusion, label and brief description.
d. Informal fallacy analysis.
e. Informal reasoning.
Fallacies to be Learned:
Fallacies of Relevance:
Fallacies of Weak Induction:
1. Appeals to Authority
1. Questionable Cause 2. Appeals to Popularity
2. Hasty Conclusion 3. Appeals to Loyalty
3. Appeals to Ignorance 4. Provincialism Appeals
Fallacies of Presumption:
5. Appeals to Traditional Wisdom
1. Begging the Question 6. Two Wrongs Make a Right
2. Ambiguity/Equivocation 7. Ad Hominem Abusive 3. Complex Question 8. Ad Hominem Circumstantial 4. Questionable Analogy 7. Red Hearing
5. Suppressed Evidence 8. Irrelevant Reason
Fallacies of Questionable Premise:
1. Slippery Slope 2. Questionable Dilemma 3. Straw Person
V. A six week period, covering the essential skills of symbolic logic
1. Symbolic Translation
2. Truth Tables
3. Brief Truth Tables
4. Copi's 19 Rules of Inference
5. Rules of Replacement
6. Formal Proofs of Validity
Evaluation:
Because this course involves a step by step, one step at a time introduction of material, class attendance is very important. There will be seven quizzes (20 pts. each=160pts), two mid term exams, one on classical reasoning, one on informal reasoning and inductive reasoning and the truth of hypotheses, 50 points each and a final exam covering symbolic logic (150pts). There will be no make-up for missed quizzes, but there will be a extra credit exam (50pts) that can be used to make up points for missed quizzes, provided that there is a good reason for having missed a quiz. Also, with the exception of the "A" grade, extra credit points can be used to raise a student's grade one letter grade. This will be clarified further in class. The final grade will be based on a percentage of the total points received as follows:
90-100% ... A
80-89% ..... B
66-79% ..... C
55-65% …. D
-54% ......... F
- Participation, Preparedness and timely completion of written assignments will be considered when determining your grade. Any student missing a total of two weeks, during the semester, will receive an F grade.
- All disappears will receive an F grade. All students must abide by the Student Code of Co
- Please note that the "I" Grade, is given only if, there are special circumstances, that warrants such a grade
- Any student with a documented disability who would like to request accommodations should contact the Disability Services Office - Hale Kauanoe A Wing Lounge, 933-0816 (V), 933-3334 (TTY), uds@hawaii.edu - as early in the semester as possible.
Class Hrs.: 1 hour in class requires two hours of study outside class.
All students must abide by the Student Code of Conduct.
Copi Text:
- Homework Chapter 3:
Sections: 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.8 and the chapter summary, Essentials of Chapter 3
Exercises I, II, III, IV - odd numbers only pages 132-133
- Homework for Chapter 4:
Sections: 4.1, 4.2, 4.4, and Essentials of Chapter 4
Exercises I, II, III - odd numbers only pages 160-161
- Homework chapter 6: Translation Problems:
Pg. 206, Ex. IV, #'s 76-124, even number problems.
pg. 204, Ex. II, # 26-50, even number problems.
pg. 231, Group B, Ex. I, II, and III, even number problems.
- Translation problems:
pg. 232: Ex. III, #'s 35-40
pg. 255: #'s 52-61
pg. 277: VIII, #'s 86-95
Translation Problems:
Pattern Recognition Problems Rules of Inference only:
Justification Problems Rules of Inference only:
Justification Problems all 19 Rules:
Proofs using the 9 Rules of Inference only:
Translations for first 9 rules:
Proofs using all 19 rules:
Reading Assignments:
Week :
1-2: Chapter 1
3-4: Chapter 3-4
5-6: Chapter 2
7-15 Chapter 6-7
Class Notes:
1. Create a file. Store all your work during the semester.
2. Click here for: Books all first year college students should read:
The Apology:
http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/p/plato/
http://wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/APOLOGY.HTM http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/apology.html
The Symposium:
http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/plato-symposium.txt http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/p/plato/p71sy/symposium.html
Flatland:
3. The Extra Credit Exam for Phil 209 is on the last day of instruction, during the regular class period.
4. The Final Exam for Phil 209 will be on: Dec. 2, 2010, in this classroom.
Logic Symbols and Virtual Handouts for Phil 209:
Copy and Paste these symbols into your homework problems. Or go to 'Insert Symbol' and insert the symbols you need into your work, from your computer's character doc.
\ ~ · Ú É º
1. Click here for: Phil 209 symbols:
2. Click here for: Symbolic Trails and Formal Proofs
3. Click here for: Rules of Inference
4. Click here for: Copi's 19 rules:
5. Click here for: Sub-routines
6. Click here for: definitions
7. Click here for: Logical Analogies: http://instruct.westvalley.edu/lafave/LogAnalogy.htm
8. Relativism
9. Use, 'Word' or 'Word Perfect'.
10. Use Times New Roman 12 pt. Font.
11. Click here for: Begging the question Fallacy
http://www.fallacyfiles.org/begquest.html
http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/begging-the-question.html
Phil 209 Exams:
Click here for: Mid-term II
Internet Searches:
1. Flat Earth
2. The Gettier Problem
3. Circular Definition: Extra Credit
4. Pascal's Wager
5. Principle of Charity
6. Triple Point of Water
7. 12 year old Afgan Girl on the news.
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Sites of interest:
Dane person found this site:
http://www.ditext.com/gettier/gettier.html
Doug person found this site:
http://www.iep.utm.edu/gettier/#H3
Amy person found this site:
http://www.yellowpigs.net/philosophy/gettier
William person found these sites:
Flat Earth sites:
http://theflatearthsociety.org/cms/
http://hypertextbook.com/eworld/geocentric.shtml
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flatearth.html
http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/fe-scidi.htm
http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c034.html
http://www.mercatornet.com/articles/view/debunking_the_flat_earth_theory/Amy person found this really interesting Flat Earth site:
http://www.bede.org.uk/flatearth.htm
Danielle person found these sites:
http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/c2.htm
Also, here are links for the Extra Credit:
http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=11772 for PREDICATIVE
http://www.blackwell-compass.com/subject/philosophy/article_view?highlight_query=&type=std&slop=0&fuzzy=0.5&last_results=topics%3Did2251898&parent=void&sortby=relevance&offset=6&article_id=phco_articles_bpl029 for REFERENTIAL
Kind of a neat page I found for Semantic: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~ebarnes/python/python.htm
Also found this: http://www.iep.utm.edu/truth/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Semiotics for SEMIOTICSChristina person found these sites:
Circular Definition: An animal is human if and only if it has human parents. (The term being defined is "human". But in order to find a human, we would need to find human parents. To find human parents we would already need to know what a human is.) http://www.onegoodmove.org/fallacy/circle.htm
Phonological: (My own attempt) definition of phonological definition: defining a concept by the word it is called syllable structure, intonation, tone, or hand movements. EX: pho·nol·o·gy- a four syllable american pronunciation.
Referential: (My own attempt) reference one thing to define something else. A kitten is a young cat.
Predicative: (My own attempt) The Breeze is nice. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicative_(adjectival_or_nominal) open sentence
Semantic: is like in a thesaurus where the two words are similar but there exact usage implies slightly different things. Context of a word adds to define it.
"Assertional Novelty". The novelty we discussed above, Newpi, is "definitional", in that its goal is to specify more precisely the referent of a given symbol. Another source of novelty comes from specifying some attribute of the concept; we label such facts "assertionally novel". - http://ijcai.org/Past%20Proceedings/IJCAI-83-VOL-1/PDF/108.pdf (used a lot of symbolism as it is a logic paper but i think i got semantic definition)
Semiotic:
http://www.google.com/images q=running&hl=en&client=safari&rls=en&prmd=ivlb&source=lnms&tbs=isch:1&ei=rteKTMbbN4b0swO2utixBA&sa=X&oi=mode_link&ct=mode&ved=0CBoQ_AU&biw=1280&bih=702
Situational: Relevance is a multidimensional concept; that it is dependent on both internal (cognitive) and external (situational) factors; that it is based on a dynamic human judgment process; and that it is a complex but systematic and measurable phenomenon.- http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC8-469V242-1X&_user=996234&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1990&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1457376627&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000059596&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=996234&md5=e6bc6bf9f1c6d056a1d92c34455f32fd&searchtype=a
I struggled somewhat on this assignment as I got Lexical definitions of the first term searched. ex. Searched, Referential Definition. Got the Dictionary definition of Reference. So I tried to make my own examples using the definitions and how it can relate to defining things.Danielle person found these sites:
If you have the time, here is an interesting video I found on Nikola Tesla:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5uiK_QnyrE
Triple Point of Water:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkFmrWsSzgA&NR=1
Pascal's Wager:
http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/theistic-proofs/pascals-wager/Christina person found these sites:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal's_Wagerhttp://www.philosophyofreligion.info/theistic-proofs/pascals-wager/Danielle person found these sites:
Here is a recent article I found in relation to the Afghan girl who had was mutilated by her husband:
http://www.herald.ie/world-news/runaway-bride-mutilated-by-husband-smiles-again-2379041.html
Also, here is an interesting site I found that includes the Flat Earth Society's claim on walking on the moon:
http://www.zimbio.com/Yuri+Gagarin/articles/18/Top+10+Space+Conspiracy+Theorieshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5uiK_QnyrE
Triple Point of Water:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkFmrWsSzgA&NR=1
Pascal's Wager:
http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/theistic-proofs/pascals-wager/Jonathan person found these sites:
The Principle of Charity
http://philosophy.lander.edu/oriental/charity.html
Mid-term Fallacies
Straw man fallacy [1:10-2:00]
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DrnZdFFovBE
Appeal to authority
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eE9-gnCViEM
Questionable Cause Fallacy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FARDDcdFaQ&feature=related
Questionable Dilemma Fallacy
(DWPF10)