INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY: WESTERN PHILOSOPHY

COURSE SYNOPSIS

INSTRUCTOR: Dan Petersen COURSE ALPHA: PHIL 100
CLASS: WF / 10:00-10:50 / EKH 109OFFICE HR: W / 08:00-09:00
OFFICE: UH Hilo Bldg. 345F-A1 PHONE: Wk. 974-7743
URL:  UH HILO URL:  HawCC http://www.uhh/faculty/danielpe/index.php http://www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/danp E-MAIL: danielpe@hawaii.edu
   

Prequisite: None

Text: Does the Center Hold, by Donald Palmer

ISBN #:   1-7674-1580-9

Course Description:

Introduction to Philosophy: Western Philosophy will look at major philosophers, methods, central issues and ideas in the history of western philosophy.  Emphasis will be placed on such topics as our knowledge of reality, free will verses determinism, the relationship between mind and body, the soul, morality, ethics, and the existence of God. Great philosophical issues, theories and controversies will be examined in a historical context.  From the origins of western philosophy, to contemporary trends, the central issues, perennial problems, Schools of Thought and major figures of western philosophy, will be examined.

Course Purpose:

To facilitate and develop students' understanding and application of the basic principles of philosophy. By applying a critical thinking approach in examining some of the major figures, issues and ideas in philosophy, students will learn the value of philosophy first hand. Further, to critically examine and learn to appreciate the values, beliefs and attitudes of one's own and others, 'World Views'.

Course Outcomes, Students will:

  • Understand, recognize and demonstrate knowledge of some major figures and perennial problems in the history of western philosophy, using appropriate philosophical terminology.
  • Demonstrate an appreciation for philosophy as an academic discipline by engaging in discussions, texts, artifacts, concepts, processes as well as theories and issues of philosophical concern.
  • Use their understanding to examine their own and others, 'World Views' and belief systems.
  • Think critically and express ideas, values and opinions adequately, by engaging in free and open discussion of competing ideas.
  • Demonstrate an ability to inquire into methods of study and reflection on and argumentation of ideas that are relevant to philosophical inquiry.
  • Define, describe and apply some of the basic concepts of major areas of philosophical inquiry: Metaphysics, Epistemology, Logic, Axiology, Social and Political Philosophy and Theology.
  • Use methods of philosophical inquiry, i.e., Critical Thinking, Critical Reading, Critical Writing and various epistemological criteria to test validity and reliability of belief .

Method of Instruction:

Lectures, demonstrations, readings and interactive class discussions.

Evaluation:

Written Assignments ----------- 60%, 4 essays assigned the 4th, 8th, 12th, and 15th week of instruction and due one week later. 

Internet Searches --------------- 10%

Attendance/Participation ------ 30%

  • Participation, Preparedness and timely completion of written assignments will be considered when determining your grade. 
  • Any student missing a total of two weeks, during the semester, will receive an F grade. 
  • All disappears will receive an F grade.  All students must abide by the Student Code of Conduct. 
  • Any student with a documented disability who would like to request accommodations should contact the Disability Services Office - Hale Kauanoe A Wing Lounge, 933-0816 (V), 933-3334 (TTY), uds@hawaii.edu - as early in the semester as possible.  
  • In order to do well in this class you must: 1. Show up for class.  2. Participate.  3. Do the work.

Lecture & Reading Schedule:

 WEEK:

1 ...... Introduction/Orientation: What is philosophy?

2 ...... The Pre-Socratics: Superstition v/s a Naturalistic world view

3 ...... Socrates and Protagoras: Relativism v/s Normative Ethics.

4 ...... Plato: Rationalism: Appearance v/s Reality.

5 ...... Aristotle: Empiricism: Entelechy/Teleology. (1st Essay)

6 ...... Hellenistic Period: Epicures-Hedonism - Stoicisism - Pleasure/Coping.

7 ...... Aquinas - Descartes: Faith/Reason - Religion/Science.

8 ...... Descartes: Mind/Body - Interactionism. (2nd Essay)

9 ...... British Empiricism: Lock: Representative Realism.

10 ..... Berkley: Idealism.

11 ..... Hume: Skepticism/Causality.

12 ..... Kant: Formalism/Deontology.    (3rd Essay)

13 ..... Mill: Social Utilitarianism.

14 ..... Kierkegaard, Nietzsche and Sartre.

15 ..... James - Perice: Pragmatism/Pragmaticism.    (Final Essay)



    Class Notes:

1.    Create a file.  Keep a record all your work during the semester.

2.    Click below for:    Books all first year college students should read:

      The Apology:      http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/p/plato/ or http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/apology.htm

      The Symposium: http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/plato-symposium.txt or         

                                   http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/p/plato/p71sy/symposium.html

                          Flatland:                 http://books.google.com/books?id=HKackp-vG YC&dq=Flat+LAnd&pg=PP1&ots= Uquv6AxLsl&sig=mx9mSL8gYdICM7llq 

                                                                          TYOeg0iv3M&hl= en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result 


                    Click below for: 

                1.    Writing a Philosophy Essay

                2.    Essay Format

        3.    http://www.hawaii.edu/ecafe

        4.    Definition notes:

        5.    Relativism

        6.    Causality


Essay Assignments:        

Follow guidelines posted above:

1st Essay:  Critique President Obama's speech at the United Nations by writing a three                      page essay.  Address each question below in your essay:

    Click here for:    President Obama's speech at the U.N.

    1.    What truths are the president referring to in his speech? 

    2.    How can you know they are true? 

    3.    Are they true?

Due:    Monday Oct. 4th.:    Follow the guidelines above for writing a Philosophy paper.

2nd Essay: 

Due:   

3rd Essay: 

Due:

4th Essay:

Due:


Assigned Internet Searches:   

You will be required to do Internet searches on selected topics during the semester:

1.    Raelians

2.    Pascal's Wager

3.    Flat Earth

4.    Utopia

5.    Creation Myth  (Other than your own culture)

6.    Lilith

7.    A priori/A posteriori

8.    The Gettier Problem

9.    The Problem f induction

10.    The Naturalistic Fallacy

11.   Theory that Rape is Natural

13.    The Problem of the One  and the Many

14.    The problem of Change

15.    The Four Elements

16.    Entropy

17.    Zeno's Paradox's

18.    Declaration of Human Rights

19.    Female Genital Mutalation

20.    Ring of Gyges

21.    The Epistemological Turn

22.    Afghan girl on News

23.    The Muses

24.    The Human Genome Project

25.    Homousi / Homousoi

26.    Geocentric/Heliocentric Universe/Concentric Circles or Celestial Spheres

27.    The Ontological Argument

28.    The Brain in a Vat Argument.

29.    Intelligent Design theory

30.    Solipsism

31.    Nominalism

32.    Occam's Razor 

33.    Color Yellow:  Why do we call a coward yellow?

34.    The Gospel according to St. thomas.


Sites of interest:

Kayla Y. person found these sites on Pascal's Wager:

 
 
http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/theistic-proofs/pascals-wager/

Shawn Asistin person found these sites:

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pascal-wager/

http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/theism/wager.html

http://www.religioustolerance.org/pascal_w.htm

http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/theistic-proofs/pascals-wager/

http://www.peterkreeft.com/topics/pascals-wager.htm

Josh person found this site on one of the apache creation myths:

http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/CS/CSCreation&Emergence.html

Kayla Y. person found these sites on Creation Myths and Utopia:

> 2.  This link contains creation myth stories from the Egyptian culture.
> 3.  This link contains 20 different creation myths from different cultures.
> 4.  This last website is a link from the link above.  It tells a story about a hawaiian creation myth.
> http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/CS/CSHawaii.html

Sarah person found these sites:

I think this is the most accurate Greek Creation Myth Site I could find:
http://www.pantheon.org/areas/mythology/europe/greek/greek_creation_myths.html

and as for Utopia, here's a site I found:
http://www.lukemastin.com/utopia/index.html
and this was interesting....
http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/amana/utopia.htm
 

Shawn person found these sites on the Hawaiian creation myth and a Utopia:

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-utopia/

http://www.utoronto.ca/utopia/

http://caius-ebook.com/Utopias.htm

http://www.zcommunications.org/what-is-real-utopia-by-chris-spannos

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Utopia

http://faculty.weber.edu/dkrantz/en4620ren/utopia_platolec.html

-Creation Myth Assignment Hawaiian Creation Myth Kumulipo:

http://www.mythome.org/hawaiicreation.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumulipo#Divisions

http://www.pantheon.org/articles/h/hawaiian_creation_myths.html

http://www.sacred-texts.com/pac/ku/index.htm

Rachel person fount this site on the Hawaiian Creation myth:

http://www.janeresture.com/polynesia_myths/hawaii.htm

Nara person found this site on the Norse creation myth:"

http://meta-religion.com/World_Religions/Ancient_religions/Europe/norse_creation_myth.htm

Nick person found these sites on the Samoan creation myth:

http://www.samoa.co.uk/creation.html
http://www.janeresture.com/samoa_myths1/index.htm

Philip person found thee sites on the Philippine creation myth:

http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/creation-phil.html

http://asiarecipe.com/phitales.html

http://www.philippinesinsider.com/myths-folklore-superstition/the-filipino-myth-on-creation/

Juliet person found these sites on the Christian, Jewish and Islamic creation myths, and their similarities and differences:

http://homepage.mac.com/jerrypeterson/CHUMSsite/pages/Story%20Creation.html

http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/gen1st.htm

http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/jewsevolution.html

Shawn person found these sites on the Filipino creation myth and Lilith:

Filipino Creation Myth:

http://www.davidicke.com/forum/showthread.php?t=18662

(a lot of different myths):
http://asiarecipe.com/phitales.html

http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/creation-phil.html

http://www.laits.utexas.edu/doherty/plan2/kalyracreation.html

website assignment Adams First Wife:

http://www.art.net/~schong/lilithmyth.html

http://www.skeptically.org/oldtestament/id18.html

http://paracleteforum.org/archive/email/history/lilith/dialogue.html

http://www.pantheon.org/articles/l/lilith.html

http://www.gotquestions.org/Lillith.html

Leka person found these sites:

Utopia
I thought this was a good web site for utopia & Utopian Philosophy.
http://users.erols.com/jonwill/

Mayan Creation Story:
http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sunrise/50-00-1/am-fern.htm

Greek Creation Myth:
http://www.crystalinks.com/greececreation.html
http://www.cs.williams.edu/~lindsey/myths/myths_16.html
http://www.desy.de/gna/interpedia/greek_myth/creation.html

Who was Adams first wife?
http://lilithproject.blogspot.com/2008/04/origin-alphabet-of-ben-sira.html

The Gittier Problem:
http://www.ditext.com/gettier/gettier.html
http://www.jimpryor.net/teaching/courses/epist/notes/gettier.html

A prori Knowledge:
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/apriori/
http://www.importanceofphilosophy.com/Irrational_APriori.html

A posteriori knowledge:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/190219/epistemology/247952/A-priori-and-a-posteriori-knowledge

Shawn person found these sites:

http://davidagler.com/site/courses/epistemology/Modules/Module_2_Gettier%20Problems_2010.pdf

http://www.ditext.com/gettier/gettier.html

http://science.jrank.org/pages/9184/Epistemology-Modern-Gettier-Problem.html

-(FOI) assignment A Priori:

http://www.iep.utm.edu/apriori/

http://www.orientalia.org/wisdom/Philosophy/A_priori.shtml

http://www.philosophy-index.com/terms/a-priori.php

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a+priori

-(FOI) assignment Posteriori:

http://east.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/a%20posteriori

http://www.answers.com/topic/empirical-knowledge

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/a+posteriori\

Hikaione person found these3 sites:

I found two sites containing information about 'a priori' and 'a posteriori' knowledge.

-http://www.iep.utm.edu/apriori/
this site is basically the philosophy view of 'a priori vs. a posteriori knowledge'.

-http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-judgement/#JudBelSciKno
this one is written from Mr. Kants' point of view and research of 'a priori vs. a posteriori knowledge'.

I researched the 'The Gettier Problem' like you asked, and as I was reading this site, and looking over your notes, this site made me understand what is the meaning of 'The Gettier Problem'. This website used examples and explained the process of justified belief over false knowledge, like how do you know? versus it might be false, when all along you were right about something? It just made me understand it better! I wanted to share with you to understand what I mean.

-http://www.jimpryor./teaching/courses/epist/notes/gettier.html

Storm person found these sites:

Creation Myth Sites:
African Bushman Creation Myth:
http://www.cs.williams.edu/~lindsey/myths/myths_14.html

Cherokee Creation Myth:
http://www.cherokee-nc.com/index.php?page=97

Louis person found this site on Lilith:

http://www.skeptically.org/oldtestament/id18.html

Sarah person found these sites:

This site had a lot of information on the Problem of Induction:
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/induction-problem/

I thought this site was helpful on Natural Fallacies:
http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Naturalistic_Fallacy

Interesting article on the Theory that Rape is Natural:
http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/t/thornhill-rape.html

And here's another interesting article on the two scientists:
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Rape+a+natural+behavior%3F+Theory+causes+an+unnatural+uproar-a064023257

Josh person found these sites:

Problem of Induction
 
http://www.princeton.edu/~grosen/puc/phi203/induction.html
 
http://www.strange-loops.com/philinduction.html
 
Naturalistic fallacy
 
http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Naturalistic_Fallacy
 
http://www.richmond-philosophy.net/rjp/back_issues/rjp13_tanner.pdf
 
Rape is natural....??
 
http://iranscope.ghandchi.com/Anthology/Women/rape.htm
 
http://metapsychology.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=book&id=273

Hikaione person found these sites:

*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalistic_fallacy
*http://www.epjournal.net/filestore/ep023246.pdf
*http://wiki.cotch.net/index.php/Naturalistic_Fallacy

Problem of Induction:
*http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/induction-problem/
*http://dieoff.org/page126.htm
*http://www.strange-loops.com/philinduction.html

Rape is natural:
*http://www.anusha.com/rapeevol.htm
*http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/t/thornhill-rape.html

Joshua person found these sites:

Problem of Induction

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/induction-problem/
http://www.princeton.edu/~grosen/puc/phi203/induction.html
http://www.proginosko.com/docs/induction.html
http://www.strange-loops.com/philinduction.html

Rape is a Natural Theory
http://www.anusha.com/rapeevol.htm
http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/t/thornhill-rape.html
http://metapsychology.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=book&id=273
http://www.kenanmalik.com/reviews/thornhill&palmer.html
http://www.nyx.net/~kbanker/chautauqua/rape.htm
http://iranscope.ghandchi.com/Anthology/Women/rape.htm
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Rape+a+natural+behavior%3F+Theory+causes+an+unnatural+uproar-a064023257

Shawn person found these sites:

- Problem of Induction (FOI)

http://www.princeton.edu/~grosen/puc/phi203/induction.html
http://dieoff.org/page126.htm
http://www.strange-loops.com/philinduction.html
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/induction-problem/
Naturalistic Fallacy (FOI)
http://www.richmond-philosophy.net/rjp/back_issues/rjp13_tanner.pdf
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Naturalistic_fallacy
http://www.epjournal.net/filestore/ep023246.pdf
http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Naturalistic_Fallacy
Rape is Natural Theory (FOI)
http://www.nyx.net/~kbanker/chautauqua/rape.htm
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Rape+a+natural+behavior%3F+Theory+causes+an+unnatural+uproar-a064023257

Philip person found these sites:

 A priori:
http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/general/bldef_apriori.htm
http://www.importanceofphilosophy.com/Irrational_APriori.html
posteriori:
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/a+posteriori
http://www.iep.utm.edu/apriori/
The Gettier Problem:
http://www.unc.edu/~ujanel/Gettier.htm
http://www.polywog.org/philosophy/epistemology/gettier_prob/
http://www.brainmass.com/homework-help/philosophy/epistemology/200536
The One and the many:
http://wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/ONEMANY.HTM
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/problem-of-many/
The Classical Elements:
http://www.webwinds.com/myth/elemental.htm
http://www.kheper.net/topics/typology/four_humours.html
http://www.xtraastrology.com/chinese_elements.html
http://www.tcmbasics.com/basics_5elements.htm

Reese person found these sites:

Problem of Induction
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/induction-problem/
Naturalistic Fallacy
http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Naturalistic_Fallacy
Rape is Natural?
http://www.nyx.net/~kbanker/chautauqua/rape.htm
Problem of Change
http://www.aquinasonline.com/Topics/change.html
The Problem of The One and the Many
http://wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/ONEMANY.HTM
http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/one-many.html
Classic Elements
http://www.kheper.net/topics/cosmology/elements.html
http://www.webwinds.com/myth/elemental.htm

Shawn person found these sites:

http://homepage.mac.com/kvmagruder/hsci/03-Egypt-Aegean/presocratics/02-thales-590.html
http://wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/PRESOC.HTM
http://www.aquinasonline.com/Topics/change.html
http://myweb.facstaff.wwu.edu/wasserr/papers/Change.pdf
- One and the Many (FOI):
http://www.philosophypages.com/hy/2b.htm
http://philofreligion.homestead.com/files/presocratics.html
http://groups.drew.edu/philoso/Archives/Lotito/Issues%20Relevant%20in%20Discussion%20of%20the%20Presocratics.htm
- Elements (FOI):
http://www.friesian.com/elements.htm

Willow person found these sites:

The Problem of Induction

http://www.princeton.edu/~grosen/puc/phi203/induction.html

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/induction-problem/

http://dieoff.org/page126.htm

http://www.ditext.com/russell/rus6.html


Theory vs. Practice

http://www.convenor.com/madison/theory.htm

http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?QuotesOnTheoryVsPractice

http://xahlee.org/UnixResource_dir/writ/theory_practice.html

http://www.betaversion.org/~stefano/linotype/news/281/


The Naturalistic Fallacy

http://www.richmond-philosophy.net/rjp/back_issues/rjp13_tanner.pdf

http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Naturalistic_Fallacy


The Theory that Rape is Natural

http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/t/thornhill-rape.html

http://www.anusha.com/rapeevol.htm


The Problem of Change

http://www.aquinasonline.com/Topics/change.html

http://myweb.facstaff.wwu.edu/wasserr/papers/Change.pdf


The Problem of the One and the Many

http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Metaphysics-One-Many-Infinite-Finite.htm#Uniting.One.Many

http://wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/ONEMANY.HTM


The Four Greek Elements

http://www.cs.utk.edu/~mclennan/BA/AGEDE/Intro.html

Entropy

http://www.entropylaw.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_%28information_theory%29

Hikaione person found these sites:

*http://mathforum.org/issac/problems/zeno1.html
*http://www.truthawakens.com/zeno.asp

Zeno argued that motion is impossible even when it is possible:
*http://saliu.com/aporia.html
*http://www.mathpages.com/rr/s3-07/3-0.htm
*http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Paradoxa.htm

Kellie person found these sites:

http://mentock.home.mindspring.com/twins.htm

This one has pictures that helped me to understand it better:
http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/einsteinlight/jw/module4_twin_paradox.htm http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/einsteinlight/jw/module4_twin_paradox.htm

Joshua person found these sites:

http://www.jimloy.com/physics/zeno.htm
http://www.mathacademy.com/pr/prime/articles/zeno_tort/index.asp
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paradox-zeno/
http://www.truthawakens.com/zeno.asp
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ZenosParadoxes.html
http://mathforum.org/isaac/problems/zeno1.html
http://www.mathpages.com/rr/s3-07/3-07.htm
http://www.iep.utm.edu/zeno-par/
Twin  Paradox
http://mentock.home.mindspring.com/twins.htm
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/hotsciencetwin/

http://www.phys.vt.edu/~jhs/faq/twins.html
http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/einsteinlight/jw/module4_twin_paradox.htm

http://www.emu.edu.tr/mugp101/physlets/physletprob/ch10_modern/twin.html

Shawn person found these sites:

http://www.iep.utm.edu/par-liar/

http://www.logicalparadoxes.info/liar/

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/L/Liar_paradox.html

http://philosophy.ucdavis.edu/glanzberg/sep-liar-submit.pdf

Olivia person found these sites:

http://www.pcrm.org/resch/anexp/beyond/smoke2_0411.html
http://www.suite101.com/content/dogs-in-laboratory-research-a23673
http://www.animalsvoice.com/gallery/vividogs.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/settlement/case/dogs.html

Kayla person found these sites:

Female Multilation
 
Circumcision
 
Declaration of Human Rights
http://www.udhr.org/UDHR/default.htm

Shawn person found these sites:

(FOI) Female Mutilation:
>
> http://wolvesdreams.tripod.com/FGM.html
> http://lesanchez.blogspot.com/2010/06/female-genital-mutilation-form-of-child.html
> http://www.religioustolerance.org/fem_cirm.htm
> http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_genitalmutilation.html
> http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/
> http://www.unfpa.org/gender/practices1.htm
>
> (FOI) Circumcision:
> http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/surgical/circumcision.html
> http://www.circumcision.org/
>
> (FOI) Infibulation:
> http://www.angelfire.com/ar/pilgrim/infibdesc.html
> http://www.cirp.org/pages/female/pieters1/
>
> (FOI) Human Value (Declaration of Human Right):
> http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml

Adisa person found these sites:

http://webs.wofford.edu/kaycd/ethics/gyges.htm

http://plato-dialogues.org/tetra_4/republic/gyges.htm

I don't know what I would have done with that power?

http://www.xolopo.com/linguistics_and_literature/epistemological_turn_semiotic_strategy_signs_natural_9987.html

http://www.friesian.com/hist-2.htm

Hikaione person found these sites:

*http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article -1319804/Afghan-girl-Bibi-Aisha-nose-ears-hacked-Taliban-rule-gets-new-face.html
*http://www.independent.co.uk.news/world/asia/new-face-and-a-new-smile-for-girl-who-felt-the-talibans-wrath-2106118.html
*http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/05/world/asia/05afghan.html

Reese person found these sites:

The Muses
http://hubpages.com/hub/The-Nine-Muses-of-Greek-Mythology
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0881991.html

Ring of Gyges
http://webs.wofford.edu/kaycd/ethics/gyges.htm

epistemological turn
http://science.jrank.org/pages/7665/Epistemology-Early-Modern.html

Nose/Earless afghan Girl
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1319804/Afghan-girl-Bibi-Aisha-nose-ears-hacked-Taliban-rule-gets-new-face.html
http://afghanistan.blogs.cnn.com/2010/03/18/shaming-her-in-laws-costs-19-year-old-her-nose-ears/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10897018

If I understand this right, she was given to the Taliban at the age of 12 as Bride because of either a Blood debt her father owned or because of a practice called "Baad", a method of settling disputes between rival families.
She then tried to escape, was captured by the government, and then sent back to her Husband and Inlaws.
she was then taken to a Taliban court that found her guilty of Dishonoring and Shaming her husband's family, and sentenced to have her nose and ears cut off and left to die.

Kellie Ann person found these sites:

 The Muses

                            http://www.mjt.org/intro/muses.htm

                           http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/MUSES.html

                            http://messagenetcommresearch.com/myths/bios/muses.html   

                            The Epistemological Turn

                    http://www.friesian.com/hist-2.htm
                    http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Scie/SciePavl.htm

                    Human Genome Project

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml                               
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/about.shtml
                                                                            http://www.nih.gov/about/researchresultsforthepublic/HumanGenomeProject.pdf

                    Philip person found these sites:                   

The Ring of Gyges

http://plato-dialogues.org/tetra_4/republic/gyges.htm

http://webs.wofford.edu/kaycd/ethics/gyges.htm

http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl201/modules/Philosophers/Plato/plato_dialogue_the_ring_of_gyges.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Gyges

The Epistemological Turn

http://www.friesian.com/hist-2.htm

http://www.friesian.com/kant.htm

Mutilated Afghan Girl

-http://madmikesamerica.com/2010/10/mutilated-afghan-girls-face-rebuilt-in-california/

http://articles.latimes.com/2010/aug/09/local/la-me-afghan-girl-20100809

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1299799/Mutilated-Taliban-The-girl-18-nose-ears-hacked-trying-flee-cruel-laws.html

The Muses

                    Sarah  person found these sites:

The Muses:
Picture of the Muses     http://www.mjt.org/intro/muses.htm
Quiz on Which Muse you are     http://www.gurl.com/play/quizzes/pages/0,,633527,00.html
Each Muse in detail     http://www.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/muses.html

The Human Genome Project:
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml
http://www.genome.gov/10001772

Internal Schisms:
This site may be a bit biased http://www.christcatholicchurch.org/historyromorthchurches.html
http://www.christianodyssey.com/history/schism.htm

Homousi and Homousoi:
This site doesn't exactly quote the two terms but goes into detail of how the two are different http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/difference-between-orthodox-and-catholic/

Heliocentric World View vs. Geocentric World View:
http://www.creative-wisdom.com/education/hps/world_soul.html
heliocentric model http://muse.tau.ac.il/museum/galileo/heliocentric.html
geocentric model http://www.universetoday.com/32607/geocentric-model/

Ring of Gyges:
http://webs.wofford.edu/kaycd/ethics/gyges.htm

Maria person found these really good sites:

Human Genome Project
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml
http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/IE/Intro_The_Human_Genome.php
http://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/18/weekinreview/18WADE.html

Geocentric World View
http://geocentrism.com/
http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2010/09/geocentrism_was_galileo_wrong.php

Heliocentric World View
http://astro.unl.edu/naap/ssm/heliocentric.html
http://www.geocentricity.com/ba1/fresp/index.html
http://www.shvoong.com/exact-sciences/astronomy/1960535-heliocentrism/

Adisa person found these really good sites:

Geocentric World View:
http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~zhu/ast210/geocentric.html
http://science.jrank.org/pages/2999/Geocentric-Theory.html
http://www.creative-wisdom.com/education/hps/world_soul.html
http://www.geocentricbible.com/
Heliocentric World View:
http://muse.tau.ac.il/museum/galileo/heliocentric.html
http://www.theoceancollective.com/heliocentric/
http://www.emporia.edu/earthsci/amber/students/denning/hel.html
http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~zhu/ast210/geocentric.html

Kellie person found these sites:

Problem of Evil
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evil/

This site claims that it's the most serious problem in the world.

http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0019.html

http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/nontheism/atheism/evil.html

Figures of Speech:

http://grammar.about.com/od/rhetoricstyle/a/20figures.htm

http://www.nipissingu.ca/faculty/williams/figofspe.htm

Adisa person found these sites:

http://www.artandpopularculture.com/Problem_of_evil
http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/nontheism/atheism/evil.html
Go Atheism
http://www.nipissingu.ca/faculty/williams/figofspe.htm

Reese person found these sites:

Ontological Arguement
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ontological-arguments/
Intricate Design Theory
http://www.answersingenesis.org/get-answers/topic/design-features
Solipsism
http://www.iep.utm.edu/solipsis/
Brain in the Vat argument
http://www.iep.utm.edu/brainvat/

Shawn person found these sites:

Ontilogical Argument:
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ontological/
http://www.angelfire.com/mn2/tisthammerw/rlgnphil/ontological.html
http://www.princeton.edu/~grosen/puc/phi203/ontological.html
http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/theistic-proofs/the-ontological-argument/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCXvVcWFrGQ
http://www.gotquestions.org/ontological-argument.html
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ontological-arguments/
Intricate Design:
http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/papers/descartes.pdf
Solipsistic:
http://www.iep.utm.edu/solipsis/
http://www.philosophyonline.co.uk/pom/pom_other_minds_solipsism.htm
http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1242594/solipsism_in_philosophy_and_thought.html
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Solipsism

Hikaione person found these sites:
Nominalism:
*http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11090.htm
*http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2005/0510fea4.asp
*htpp://www.ismbook.com/nominalism.html
Occam's Razor:
*http://www.desy.de/user/projects/Physics/General/occam.html
*http://www.skepdic.com/occcam.html
*http://physics.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node10.html

Kellie person found these sites:

Occam's Razor
http://www.desy.de/user/projects/Physics/General/occam.html

http://www.skepdic.com/occam.html

Nominalism
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nominalism-metaphysics/
http://mb-soft.com/believe/txn/nominali.htm

Solipsism
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/solipsism
http://www.iep.utm.edu/solipsis/

Adisa person found these sites:

http://www.stumblerz.com/why-do-we-call-a-coward-yellow/

Kellie person found these sites:

Yellow is the coward
http://www.stumblerz.com/why-do-we-call-a-coward-yellow/
http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/yellow-belly.html

The Brain in a Vat Argument
http://www.iep.utm.edu/brainvat/
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/brain-vat/

Intelligent Design Theory
http://www.gotquestions.org/intelligent-design.html
http://www.ideacenter.org/contentmgr/showdetails.php/id/832

Kellie person found these sites:

http://earth-liberation-front.org/

http://www.targetofopportunity.com/elf.htm

Louis person found these sites:

http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Metaphysics-One-Many-Infinite-Finite.htm

Maria person found these sites:

Occams Razor
http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/occamraz.html
http://www.desy.de/user/projects/Physics/General/occam.html
http://www.2think.org/occams_razor.shtml

Earth Liberation Front
http://www.ask-force.org/web/Field-Destruction/Leader-Earth-Liberation-Front-.pdf
http://www.nowpublic.com/environment/what-earth-liberation-front-history-list-elf-actions
http://www.elfpressoffice.org/

Yellow Cowards
http://www.stumblerz.com/why-do-we-call-a-coward-yellow/

Solipsistic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solipsism
http://www.iep.utm.edu/solipsis/

Brain in Vat Argument
http://www.iep.utm.edu/brainvat/
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2653657

Ontological Argument
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ontological/
http://www.existence-of-god.com/ontological-argument.html
http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/theistic-proofs/the-ontological-argument/

Kayla person found these sites:

Nominalism
 
Occam's Razor
 
Yellow = Coward
 
Earth Liberation Front
 
Concentric Circles
 
Figures of Speech
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/figures-of-speech-list.html

Hikaione person found these sites:

The Brain in the Vat:
*http://www.iep.utm.edu/brainvat/
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_in_a_vat
*http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/brain-vat/
The Design Argument:
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telelogical_argument
*http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/theism/design.html
*http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/theistic-proofs/the-telelogical-argument/
The Ontological Argument:
*http://www.angelfire.com/mn2/tisthammerw/rlgnphil/ontological.html
*http://www.iep.utm.edu/ont-arg/
*http://www.eistence-of-god.com/ontological-argument.html
Gospel According to St. Thomas:
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle
*http://reluctant-messenger.com/gospel-of-thomas.html
Raelians:
*http://skeptoid.com/episodes/4059
*http://www.cephasministry.com/ufos_raelians_philosophy.html
Pascal's Wager:
*http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pascal-wager/
*http://www.philosphyofreligion.info/theistic-proofs/pascals-wager/
*http://www.iep.utm.edu/pasc-wag/

Maria person found these sites:

Intricate Design Theory
http://www.discovery.org/a/13011
http://www.allaboutcreation.org/Evolution-Vs-Creation.htm

Epistomological Turn
http://watarts.uwaterloo.ca/~celiasmi/courses/old_courses/WashU/Phil211/class8.html
http://www.uri.edu/personal/szunjic/philos/modern.htm

Nominalism
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11090c.htm
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/417400/nominalism

Gospel Of St Thomas
http://www.allaboutjesuschrist.org/gospel-of-st-thomas.htm
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,811368,00.html

Kayla person found these sites:

The Analytic/Synthetic Distinction
 
Analytic vs. Synthetic
 
Synthetic A Priori Judgments
 
Synthetic A Apriori Truths

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        (DWPF10)